HIV is spread only in extremely rare cases by: Having oral sex. The risk is extremely small these days because of rigorous testing of the U. Being bitten by a person with HIV. Each of the very small number of documented cases has involved severe trauma with extensive tissue damage and the presence of blood.
There is no risk of transmission if the skin is not broken. Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood or blood-contaminated body fluids. Deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner.
HIV is not spread through saliva. Eating food that has been pre-chewed by a person with HIV. The only known cases are among infants. There are other ways to prevent getting or transmitting HIV through injection drug use and sexual activity. Was this page helpful? Yes No Next I found this page helpful because the content on the page: check all that apply Had the information I needed Was trustworthy Was up-to-date Was written clearly Other: Next I did not find this page helpful because the content on the page: check all that apply Had too little information Had too much information Was confusing Was out-of-date Other: Next What can we do to improve this page?
What can we improve? Next We thank you for your time spent taking this survey. Your response has been recorded. However, it is less common because of advances in HIV prevention and treatment. You are at high risk for getting HIV if you share needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment for example, cookers with someone who has HIV.
Never share needles or other equipment to inject drugs, hormones, steroids, or silicone. There is little to no risk of getting HIV from the activities below. For transmission to occur, something very unusual would have to happen. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. The evidence is that, first, too little cell-free HIV is present in seminal fluid, 14 - 16 , 80 , 81 ie, the titers of cell-free virus in seminal fluid are mostly undetectable or far below the to SIV dose required to infect CD4-negative epithelial surfaces.
Second, enough HIV-infected leukocytes are present in seminal fluid 14 - 16 , 80 , 81 to infect epithelial cells or to penetrate subepithelially to infect CD4-positive cells.
Only a few of these HIV-infected mononuclear leukocytes are required to infect CD4-negative epithelial cells 16 , 30 - 32 or to penetrate the epithelial layer and infect susceptible CD4-positive cells. Nevertheless, the slower but significant inactivation of any cell-free infectious HIV in hypotonic saliva could eventually contribute to the absence of infectious HIV and the presence of noninfectious HIV nucleic acids in saliva.
Other viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1, are shed as cell-free virus and their transmissibility by saliva indicates sufficient stability in saliva. However, cell-associated transmission by other viruses eg, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 [HTLV-1] probably should be studied.
Although infectious HIV is normally not present in the mouth of most patients, the present findings suggest circumstances under which infectious HIV may occur and thereby put contacts and health care workers at risk. The hypotonic lysis of shed-infected leukocytes by saliva would be expected to be overcome by an unusually large volume of isotonic blood in the mouth. The partly and fully protected leukocytes would be expected to permit virus transmission. A possible example may be the case report of oral transmission of HIV by the bite of a patient who was experiencing heavy bleeding in the mouth.
Another instance relates to mononuclear leukocyte shedding into crevicular fluid. Deposition of any viable HIV-infected leukocytes eg, aerosol during saline irrigation into the mouth of a recipient would not be expected to transmit infection, because the recipient's saliva would kill the infected cells. However, deposition into the eye or nasal cavity might permit transmission because the isotonic tears 87 and nasal secretions 88 , 89 would not kill infected cells.
Another condition that may lead to oral shedding of infectious HIV is the high titer of HIV during both the initial stage of infection 24 , 25 and the late-stage disease. Analogously, HTLV-1 leukemia virus is transmitted by milk leukocytes which, like HIV-infected mononuclear leukocytes, can attach to and infect epithelial cells. Such freeze-thawing is reported to have prevented transmission to 13 infants over a month observation period.
Another condition under which HIV may be transmitted orally is via seminal fluid during oral sex. As noted earlier, the infected mononuclear leukocytes in the seminal fluid can penetrate the vaginal epithelium and transmit infection to subepithelial leukocytes, or attach to and infect CD4-negative epithelial cells. Such protection of leukocytes may actually occur during oral sex, since the volume of donor seminal fluid 2. In addition, viscous seminal fluid may protect infected leukocytes by physically excluding saliva.
As noted earlier, there is growing epidemiological evidence to support oral transmission by oral sex. The effective salivary defense may be medically applicable.
Successful transmission of HIV by infected cells in seminal fluid and milk appears to be dependent on their protection by the seminal fluid and milk, against hypotonic lysis by saliva and against lysis by fecal material unpublished data. This protection of HIV-infected cells may be overcome by medical application of anticellular substances such as hypotonic water, surfactants, and detergents unpublished data. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the rarity of transmission of HIV from the oral cavity may be due not only to the reported, nonspecific salivary inhibitors but also largely due to hypotonic saliva-induced disruption of infected cells.
This conclusion is based on the limited inhibition of HIV by the reported salivary inhibitors 2- to 5-fold compared with the 10,fold or higher inhibition by salivary lysis of infected leukocytes. The findings also indicate that this oral protection by hypotonicity may be reduced in situations where the hypotonicity is overcome by ingested isotonic solutions, such as milk and seminal fluid, as well as severe oral bleeding.
Furthermore, oral transmission to contacts and health care workers may be increased under special circumstances such as 1 acute HIV infection where cell-free HIV is high, 2 advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome where cell-associated HIV is high, 3 oral sex where the seminal fluid protects the infected cells against saliva, and 4 saline irrigation of the mouth that may overcome the hypotonicity of saliva and create aerosols. We also acknowledge the valuable statistical analyses by Elbert Whorton, PhD.
Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy Continue. Figure 1. View Large Download. Lack of evidence for patient-to-patient transmission of HIV in a dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc. HIV recovery from saliva before and after dental treatment: inhibitors may have a critical role in viral inactivation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
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